{"id":19895,"date":"2021-06-10T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T14:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/?p=19895"},"modified":"2022-08-09T12:23:57","modified_gmt":"2022-08-09T10:23:57","slug":"ratifier-laccord-descazu-une-necessite-pour-les-defenseur%c2%b7ses-de-lenvironnement-au-perou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/ratifier-laccord-descazu-une-necessite-pour-les-defenseur%c2%b7ses-de-lenvironnement-au-perou\/","title":{"rendered":"Ratifying the Escaz\u00fa Agreement: a necessity for environmental defenders in Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>L\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa est un trait\u00e9 contraignant qui vise \u00e0 favoriser la participation citoyenne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information et \u00e0 la justice environnementales en Am\u00e9rique latine. L\u2019\u00e9tat p\u00e9ruvien n\u2019a pas encore ratifi\u00e9 cet accord. Selon la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 ; ce nouvel outil pourrait permettre de contrer la criminalisation des conflits sociaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense de l\u2019environnement au P\u00e9rou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\"><\/span><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"280\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-19896\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/46ba4b823473ed7fbc688a38b14644.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/46ba4b823473ed7fbc688a38b14644.jpg 710w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/46ba4b823473ed7fbc688a38b14644-300x118.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\">\u00ab\u00a0Au P\u00e9rou, o\u00f9 la criminalisation des d\u00e9fenseur\u00b7ses de l\u2019environnement est fr\u00e9quente, la ratification de cet accord ne semble pas d\u2019actualit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa est un trait\u00e9 contraignant qui vise \u00e0 favoriser la participation citoyenne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information et \u00e0 la justice environnementales en Am\u00e9rique latine. L\u2019\u00e9tat p\u00e9ruvien n\u2019a pas encore ratifi\u00e9 cet accord. Selon la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, il s\u2019agit d\u2019une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 ; ce nouvel outil pourrait permettre de contrer la criminalisation des conflits sociaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense de l\u2019environnement au P\u00e9rou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un trait\u00e9 contraignant en faveur des d\u00e9fenseur\u00b7ses des droits humains et de l\u2019environnement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/es\/acuerdodeescazu\">accord d\u2019Escaz\u00f9<\/a>, de son nom complet \u00ab l\u2019Accord r\u00e9gional sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, la participation publique et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la Justice dans les mati\u00e8res environnementales en Am\u00e9rique latine et aux Cara\u00efbes \u00bb, est un trait\u00e9 contraignant \u00e9manant des Nations-Unies, et chapeaut\u00e9 par la Commission \u00e9conomique pour l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et les Cara\u00efbes (CEPALC). Il s\u2019agit du premier accord r\u00e9gional concernant l\u2019environnement, et le premier accord au monde \u00e0 contenir des dispositions sp\u00e9cifiques concernant les d\u00e9fenseuses et les d\u00e9fenseurs des droits humains en ce qui concerne les mati\u00e8res environnementales. L\u2019accord a \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu \u00e0 Escaz\u00fa (Costa-Rica) le 4 mars 2018, puis ouvert \u00e0 la ratification des 33 pays d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et des Cara\u00efbes le 27 septembre 2018. Il \u00e9tait n\u00e9cessaire qu\u2019au minimum 11 \u00e9tats le ratifient pour qu\u2019il entre en vigueur, ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 atteint le 21 janvier 2021<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les douze \u00e9tats ayant ratifi\u00e9 l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa pour l\u2019instant sont : Antigua-et-Barbuda, Argentine, Bolivie, Equateur, Guyana, Mexique, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_1');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Ainsi, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 ses dispositions, l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa est entr\u00e9 en vigueur le 22 avril 2021, uniquement pour les pays qui l\u2019ont ratifi\u00e9 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa, article 22.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cet accord porte sur des mati\u00e8res particuli\u00e8rement essentielles aujourd\u2019hui, comme le droit \u00e0 la participation citoyenne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information environnementale et l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la justice environnementale. De mani\u00e8re plus concr\u00e8te, cet accord vise \u00ab <em>l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information, la participation publique et la justice dans des domaines aussi importants que l\u2019utilisation durable des ressources naturelles, la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9, la lutte contre la d\u00e9gradation des sols et le changement climatique, et le renforcement de la r\u00e9silience face aux catastrophes<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Accord, pr\u00e9face (p.8).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Un des int\u00e9r\u00eats de cet accord est d\u2019\u00e9tablir un lien entre les cadres mondiaux et nationaux qui r\u00e9gissent ces mati\u00e8res <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Accord, avant-propos (p.5).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. L\u2019autre grand int\u00e9r\u00eat est qu\u2019il comporte la premi\u00e8re disposition contraignante au monde sur les d\u00e9fenseur\u00b7ses des droits de l\u2019homme en mati\u00e8re d\u2019environnement dans une r\u00e9gion o\u00f9 \u2013\u2013 \u00ab <em>ceux\u00b7celles-ci sont trop souvent confront\u00e9\u00b7e\u00b7s \u00e0 l\u2019agression et \u00e0 l\u2019intimidation<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Accord, pr\u00e9face (p.8). Nous utilisons l\u2019\u00e9criture inclusive.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En effet, dans le contexte actuel, un accord contenant des dispositions contraignantes est plus que jamais n\u00e9cessaire. Dans son <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/press-releases\/global-witness-records-the-highest-number-of-land-and-environmental-activists-murdered-in-one-year-with-the-link-to-accelerating-climate-change-of-increasing-concern\/\">rapport 2020<\/a>, l\u2019ONG Global Witness r\u00e9v\u00e9lait que 2019 avait \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019ann\u00e9e la plus meurtri\u00e8re jamais enregistr\u00e9e, avec 212 femmes et hommes assassin\u00e9\u00b7e\u00b7s pour avoir d\u00e9fendu pacifiquement leurs droits et l\u2019environnement ; la r\u00e9gion d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine demeure la plus dangereuse pour les d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement. Si l\u2019on se penche sur le cas sp\u00e9cifique du P\u00e9rou, une personne assassin\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9pertori\u00e9e pour 2019 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Global Witness, Defending Tomorrow : <em>the climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders<\/em>, juillet 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Les chiffres pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2020 ne sont pas encore connus <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Le rapport de Global Witness est attendu pour l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Ces derniers mois, l\u2019attention m\u00e9diatique s\u2019est fortement concentr\u00e9e sur la crise du covid-19 et a invisibilis\u00e9 les attaques \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs des droits humains et de l\u2019environnement ; ces attaques se sont cependant poursuivies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On sait \u00e9galement que les leadeuses et leaders de peuples indig\u00e8nes sont nettement plus \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/red.pucp.edu.pe\/ridei\/noticias\/en-peru-son-mas-de-70-lideres-indigenas-asesinados-en-los-ultimos-anos\/.\">risque<\/a>. Les attaques mortelles ne sont cependant pas les seules qui existent. L\u2019ONG Centro de Informaci\u00f3n sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos d\u00e9nonce \u00e9galement de nombreuses agressions (intimidations, d\u00e9tention arbitraire, diffamation, harc\u00e8lement, etc.) contre des personnes d\u00e9fenseuses des droits humains et de l\u2019environnement en contexte de conflits avec des entreprises <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Centro de Informaci\u00f3n sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos, {En la mira}, mars 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conflits sociaux et criminalisation des d\u00e9fenseur\u00b7ses des droits humains et de l\u2019environnement au P\u00e9rou<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le P\u00e9rou est un pays dont l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u00e9pend fortement de l\u2019exportation de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, principalement des minerais. Ce mod\u00e8le, d\u00e9sign\u00e9 comme extractiviste par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile locale, fait l\u2019objet de nombreuses critiques <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c0 lire notamment le rapport suivant : OLCA, OCMAL, War on want, London Mining Network, <em>Una transicion justa es una trancision post-extractivista<\/em>, version actualis\u00e9e d\u2019octobre 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Depuis pr\u00e8s de 30 ans, pr\u00e8s de 60% des exportations p\u00e9ruviennes sont des minerais, principalement l\u2019or et le cuivre, exploit\u00e9s par des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s transnationales (parfois europ\u00e9ennes) dans des grandes mines \u00e0 ciel ouvert. <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">G\u00e9raldine Duquenne, \u00ab Minerais p\u00e9ruviens entach\u00e9s de violations des droits humains \u00bb, Commission Justice et Paix, d\u00e9cembre 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le engendre de nombreuses cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9fastes, tant au niveau humain qu\u2019environnemental : contamination des populations aux m\u00e9taux lourds, pollution de l\u2019eau et des sols, mort des animaux (ceci entrainant directement des situations de pauvret\u00e9), etc. En protestation face \u00e0 ces situations ou quand elles se voient refuser l\u2019information (pr\u00e9alable ou en cours de projet) \u00e0 laquelle elles ont droit, les populations r\u00e9agissent. Dans son dernier rapport de mars 2021, la Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo, <em>Reporte de conflictos sociales<\/em> n\u00b0206, avril 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> r\u00e9pertorie 191 conflits sociaux au P\u00e9rou. Parmi ces 191 conflits, la grande majorit\u00e9 (plus de 64%) sont des conflits socio-environnementaux dont 79 sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re (la seconde place est occup\u00e9e par des conflits li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019extraction d\u2019hydrocarbures, soit \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019extractivisme).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La criminalisation de la protestation sociale est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9sent au P\u00e9rou. Il s\u2019agit de la r\u00e9ponse r\u00e9pressive apport\u00e9e par l\u2019\u00e9tat aux revendications et manifestations pacifiques des populations qui expriment un d\u00e9saccord ou un manque d\u2019information\/de consultation en lien avec les projets miniers, entre autres. Elle se d\u00e9veloppe de trois mani\u00e8res : \u00e0 travers l\u2019exercice de la r\u00e9pression brutale de la contestation (r\u00e9pression de manifestations pacifiques par la force de la police ou de l\u2019arm\u00e9e ; instauration fr\u00e9quente de \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence \u00bb dans certains endroits ; etc.) ; \u00e0 travers des campagnes m\u00e9diatiques pour d\u00e9l\u00e9gitimer la contestation ; et \u00e0 travers l\u2019instrumentalisation du droit p\u00e9nal (qualification d\u2019acte de protestation l\u00e9gitime en infraction p\u00e9nale ; sur-p\u00e9nalisation des d\u00e9lits ; impunit\u00e9 des forces de l\u2019ordre ; etc.) <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pour plus d\u2019information, lire : G\u00e9raldine Duquenne, \u00ab Minerais p\u00e9ruviens entach\u00e9s de violations des droits humains \u00bb, Commission Justice et Paix, d\u00e9cembre 2019.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La ratification de l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa devrait permettre \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile d\u2019exiger diff\u00e9rentes choses pour am\u00e9liorer de facto la situation des d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement au P\u00e9rou. L\u2019accord mentionne que les d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement doivent pouvoir agir \u00ab sans menace, restriction ou ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb. L\u2019on pourrait s\u2019appuyer sur cet accord pour exiger une [meilleure protection de l\u2019<a href=\"http:\/\/cooperaccion.org.pe\/sin-peru-entra-en-vigencia-el-acuerdo-de-escazu\">\u00e9tat <\/a>des d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement assassin\u00e9\u00b7e\u00b7s par des narcotrafiquants, notamment dans la zone amazonienne du P\u00e9rou. D\u2019autre part, s\u2019appuyer sur cet accord permettrait, face \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat, de diminuer la criminalisation dont de nombreux\u00b7ses activistes sont victimes lors de conflits sociaux. L\u2019accord pourra \u00e9galement \u00eatre invoqu\u00e9 pour exiger des entreprises qu\u2019elles diffusent des informations jusque-l\u00e0 class\u00e9es comme \u00ab priv\u00e9es \u00bb (sachant que les conflits sociaux sont souvent provoqu\u00e9s par un manque d\u2019information\/de consultation des populations).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une ratification mise \u00e0 mal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019intervenir pour prot\u00e9ger les d\u00e9fenseuses et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement, le P\u00e9rou n\u2019a pas encore ratifi\u00e9 l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa\u2026 Alors que le pays s\u2019\u00e9tait fort investi dans les n\u00e9gociations <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa, pr\u00e9face (p.7).<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depuis l\u2019ouverture \u00e0 la ratification de l\u2019accord, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile p\u00e9ruvienne s\u2019est engag\u00e9e en sa faveur, particuli\u00e8rement les organisations environnementales, de d\u00e9fense des droits humains, les organisations des peuples indig\u00e8nes et de jeunes. \u00c0 la sortie de la premi\u00e8re vague de covid-19, \u00e0 l\u2019automne 2020, le d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa a finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9 au Congr\u00e8s <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019\u00e9quivalent du Parlement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en Belgique.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Ce d\u00e9bat houleux a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9 par diff\u00e9rentes <a href=\"https:\/\/dar.org.pe\/mitos-peruanos-sobre-el-acuerdo-de-escazu-parte-i\">parties en d\u00e9faveur de la ratification de l\u2019accord<\/a>, en particulier par des organisations patronales qui soutiennent la perp\u00e9tuation du mod\u00e8le extractiviste, les gouvernements des r\u00e9gions amazoniennes du P\u00e9rou et le Colegio de Ingenieros del Per\u00fa (universit\u00e9 d\u2019ing\u00e9nieur\u00b7e\u00b7s). Les diff\u00e9rents arguments invoqu\u00e9s par les d\u00e9tracteurs de l\u2019accord tournaient tous autour d\u2019une th\u00e9matique : la question de la (mise \u00e0 mal de) la souverainet\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tat, notamment en ce qui concerne l\u2019exploitation des ressources naturelles ou la comp\u00e9tence de gestion de conflits entre \u00e9tats <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Pour plus d\u2019information, lire : C\u00e9sar Gamboa, <em>Mitos y falsedades sobre las implicancias jur\u00eddicas del Acuerdo de Escaz\u00fa<\/em>, mars 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Finalement, fin octobre 2020, le Congr\u00e8s a rejet\u00e9 et a class\u00e9 la proposition de ratification de l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <a href=\"http:\/\/cooperaccion.org.pe\/acuerdo-de-escazu-aprobacion-del-tratado-sigue-pendiente-por-archivamiento-del-congreso\">nouveau gouvernement pourrait re-proposer le projet<\/a> pour validation au Congr\u00e8s nouvellement \u00e9lu. \u00c0 l\u2019heure o\u00f9 nous \u00e9crivons ces lignes, nous sommes entre le premier et le second tour des \u00e9lections p\u00e9ruviennes <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Le premier tour a eu lieu le 11 avril 2021, le second tour va avoir lieu le 06 juin 2021.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Les deux candidat\u00b7e\u00b7s encore en lice pour la pr\u00e9sidence sont Keiko Fujimori <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Fille de l\u2019ex-pr\u00e9sident Alberto Fujimori, qui purge une peine de prison pour crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Keiko Fujimori est, quant \u00e0 elle, toujours poursuivie pour corruption. La ligne de Keiko&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_17');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, du parti de droite <em>Fuerza Popular<\/em> et Pedro Castillo <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Au contraire, Pedro Castillo a parl\u00e9 d\u2019une potentielle re-nationalisation des ressources naturelles et de leur exploitation. Il est \u00e0 noter que ce candidat a gagn\u00e9 au premier tour dans les&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_18');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, du parti <em>Per\u00fa Libre<\/em>, plut\u00f4t positionn\u00e9 \u00e0 gauche. Le parti Fuerza Popular s\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 prononc\u00e9 contre la ratification de l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa. Les pronostics actuels annoncent une potentielle majorit\u00e9 au Congr\u00e8s pour le parti de Keiko Fujimori ; il est \u00e0 craindre qu\u2019il continue \u00e0 s\u2019opposer \u00e0 la ratification de l\u2019accord. Quant \u00e0 la position de <em>Per\u00fa Libre <\/em>sur la possible ratification de l\u2019accord, elle <a href=\"http:\/\/cooperaccion.org.pe\/sin-peru-entra-en-vigencia-el-acuerdo-de-escazu\/] \u00e0 ce jour.\">demeure floue<\/a> \u00e0 ce jour.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Agir pour la ratification de l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa depuis l\u2019Europe<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est tout \u00e0 fait anormal que les d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement au P\u00e9rou, et plus largement en Am\u00e9rique latine, risquent leur vie en d\u00e9fendant leurs droits \u00e0 un environnement sain. La pr\u00e9dation internationale, notamment de l\u2019Europe, pour les ressources naturelles du P\u00e9rou accentue cette pression sur l\u2019environnement et sur les femmes et les hommes qui le d\u00e9fendent. Il est donc essentiel de leur garantir un cadre l\u00e9gal permettant l\u2019exercice de leurs droits en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Plus largement, Justice et Paix plaide pour le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un mod\u00e8le post-extractiviste, o\u00f9 les valeurs de la vie et d\u2019un environnement sain pr\u00e9dominent sur l\u2019app\u00e2t du gain. Le mod\u00e8le consum\u00e9riste de l\u2019Europe ne peut pas se d\u00e9velopper au d\u00e9triment des communaut\u00e9s rurales qui pr\u00e9servent des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes essentiels aux \u00e9quilibres plan\u00e9taires. Parce qu\u2019elles importent des minerais en provenance du P\u00e9rou, la Belgique et l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ont des responsabilit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est possible pour la diplomatie belge ou europ\u00e9enne d\u2019agir de diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>&#8211; \u00c0 travers la r\u00e9glementation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/press-room\/20210122IPR96215\/meps-hold-companies-accountable-for-harm-caused-to-people-and-planet\">Business and Human Rights<\/a> qui est en train de s\u2019\u00e9laborer au niveau de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, pour que le mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Plut\u00f4t ici au niveau des entreprises.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> ne prime (plus) sur les droits humains.<br>&#8211; En conditionnant la mise en place d\u2019accords de libre-\u00e9change <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il est \u00e0 noter que, dans le Plan d\u2019action de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne sur les droits humains et la d\u00e9mocratie 2020-2024, il est point\u00e9 le renforcement de synergies entre commerce et politiques de&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_20');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> au respect des droits humains, sociaux et environnementaux ; en int\u00e9grant dans les accords qui sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 en vigueur (tel le trait\u00e9 de libre-\u00e9change que l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne a sign\u00e9 avec le P\u00e9rou, la Colombie et l\u2019Equateur <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c9quivalent pour les pays andins des c\u00e9l\u00e8bres TTIP, CETA ou encore MERCOSUR.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>) de nouvelles dispositions contraignantes sur les droits humains, sociaux et environnementaux. Concr\u00e8tement, une fa\u00e7on d\u2019agir peut \u00eatre de mettre sur la table l\u2019avanc\u00e9e des d\u00e9bats vers la ratification de l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa lors du dialogue r\u00e9gulier entre Union europ\u00e9enne et gouvernement p\u00e9ruvien relatif \u00e0 ce trait\u00e9 de libre-\u00e9change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La participation citoyenne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information environnementale et \u00e0 la justice sont des droits humains de base pour les d\u00e9fenseuses et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement qui se battent pour conserver un environnement sain, une eau non-pollu\u00e9e, etc. Renforcer des relations de solidarit\u00e9 entre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile d\u2019ici et d\u2019ailleurs autour de la d\u00e9fense de ces droits est d\u2019autant plus essentiel que la criminalisation ou la mise en danger des d\u00e9fenseuses et d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement menace aussi en Europe <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Voir \u00e0 ce propos la situation de d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement en Roumanie : Global Witness, Defending tomorrow : the climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders, juillet&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_19895_1('footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_22');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_19895_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Claire Mathot<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19895_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19895_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19895_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_19895_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Les douze \u00e9tats ayant ratifi\u00e9 l\u2019accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa pour l\u2019instant sont : Antigua-et-Barbuda, Argentine, Bolivie, Equateur, Guyana, Mexique, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines, Saint-Christophe-et-Ni\u00e9v\u00e8s, Sainte-Lucie et Uruguay.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa, article 22.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Accord, pr\u00e9face (p.8).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Accord, avant-propos (p.5).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Accord, pr\u00e9face (p.8). Nous utilisons l\u2019\u00e9criture inclusive.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Global Witness, Defending Tomorrow : <em>the climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders<\/em>, juillet 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le rapport de Global Witness est attendu pour l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Centro de Informaci\u00f3n sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos, {En la mira}, mars 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c0 lire notamment le rapport suivant : OLCA, OCMAL, War on want, London Mining Network, <em>Una transicion justa es una trancision post-extractivista<\/em>, version actualis\u00e9e d\u2019octobre 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">G\u00e9raldine Duquenne, \u00ab Minerais p\u00e9ruviens entach\u00e9s de violations des droits humains \u00bb, Commission Justice et Paix, d\u00e9cembre 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo, <em>Reporte de conflictos sociales<\/em> n\u00b0206, avril 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pour plus d\u2019information, lire : G\u00e9raldine Duquenne, \u00ab Minerais p\u00e9ruviens entach\u00e9s de violations des droits humains \u00bb, Commission Justice et Paix, d\u00e9cembre 2019.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Accord d\u2019Escaz\u00fa, pr\u00e9face (p.7).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019\u00e9quivalent du Parlement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en Belgique.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Pour plus d\u2019information, lire : C\u00e9sar Gamboa, <em>Mitos y falsedades sobre las implicancias jur\u00eddicas del Acuerdo de Escaz\u00fa<\/em>, mars 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le premier tour a eu lieu le 11 avril 2021, le second tour va avoir lieu le 06 juin 2021.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fille de l\u2019ex-pr\u00e9sident Alberto Fujimori, qui purge une peine de prison pour crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Keiko Fujimori est, quant \u00e0 elle, toujours poursuivie pour corruption. La ligne de Keiko Fujimori est de continuer l\u2019exploitation des ressources naturelles selon le mod\u00e8le extractiviste en cours.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Au contraire, Pedro Castillo a parl\u00e9 d\u2019une potentielle re-nationalisation des ressources naturelles et de leur exploitation. Il est \u00e0 noter que ce candidat a gagn\u00e9 au premier tour dans les provinces \u00e0 fort taux de conflits sociaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Plut\u00f4t ici au niveau des entreprises.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il est \u00e0 noter que, dans le Plan d\u2019action de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne sur les droits humains et la d\u00e9mocratie 2020-2024, il est point\u00e9 le renforcement de synergies entre commerce et politiques de droits humains dans le contexte des accords de libre-\u00e9change de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ({Annex to the Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. EU Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy 2020-2024}, p.11).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c9quivalent pour les pays andins des c\u00e9l\u00e8bres TTIP, CETA ou encore MERCOSUR.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_19895_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_19895_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Voir \u00e0 ce propos la situation de d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019environnement en Roumanie : Global Witness, <em>Defending tomorrow : the climate crisis and threats against land and environmental defenders<\/em>, juillet 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_19895_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19895_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19895_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_19895_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19895_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_19895_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_19895_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_19895_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19895_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_19895_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_19895_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19895_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_19895_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_19895_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Peru, where the criminalization of environmental defenders is frequent, the ratification of this agreement does not seem to be on the agenda.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":19896,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"2722","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2722],"tags":[2824,2818,2811],"class_list":["post-19895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-nos-publications","tag-droits-humains","tag-perou","tag-ressources-naturelles"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19895","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/62"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19895"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19895\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19895"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19895"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19895"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}