{"id":17245,"date":"2021-04-01T16:47:14","date_gmt":"2021-04-01T14:47:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demop.netbaz.be\/2021\/jp\/2021\/04\/01\/les-contradictions-de-la-transition-ecologique-zoom-sur-les-minerais\/"},"modified":"2022-07-12T12:43:43","modified_gmt":"2022-07-12T10:43:43","slug":"les-contradictions-de-la-transition-ecologique-zoom-sur-les-minerais","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/les-contradictions-de-la-transition-ecologique-zoom-sur-les-minerais\/","title":{"rendered":"The contradictions of the ecological transition: focus on minerals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"http:\/\/demop.netbaz.be\/2021\/jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"transition_ecologique.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-17244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/jpg_transition_ecologique-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"post_excerpt\">Les 10 prochaines ann\u00e9es vont \u00eatre d\u00e9terminantes pour l\u2019avenir de notre plan\u00e8te. La transition \u00e9cologique est plus que jamais d\u2019actualit\u00e9 mais nos responsables politiques semblent encore h\u00e9sitants quant aux moyens \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre. Pourtant, pour r\u00e9duire de moiti\u00e9 nos \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) d\u2019ici 2030, les changements doivent \u00eatre radicaux. La diminution de notre consommation de ressources naturelles doit faire partie int\u00e9grante de ces changements.<br>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>\n<bloc> Des maux aux rem\u00e8des<\/bloc><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p>On le sait, les indicateurs plan\u00e9taires sont dans le rouge. \u00ab <em>Entre 1970 et 2017, l\u2019extraction annuelle de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res au niveau mondial a tripl\u00e9, passant de 27 \u00e0 92 milliards de tonnes, et continue d\u2019augmenter<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Perspectives des ressources mondiales 2019, ONU environnement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> . Il nous faudrait 2,8 plan\u00e8tes pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins des populations si tous les habitants de la plan\u00e8te consommaient comme des europ\u00e9ens <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EU overshoot day, Living Beyond Natures\u2019 limits, 10 mai 2019, WWF and Global Footprint Network.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Selon le rapport de l\u2019agence europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019environnement, \u00ab <em>\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, l\u2019utilisation des ressources pourrait doubler d\u2019ici 2060, les besoins en eau augmentant de 55 % d\u2019ici 2050 et les besoins en \u00e9nergie augmentant de 30 % d\u2019ici 2040<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019environnement en Europe, \u00e9tat et perspectives 2020, Agence europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019environnement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Mais \u00ab <em>l\u2019extraction et la transformation des ressources en mati\u00e8res, combustibles et denr\u00e9es alimentaires repr\u00e9sentent environ la moiti\u00e9 des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et plus de 90 pour cent de la perte de biodiversit\u00e9 et du stress hydrique<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Perspectives des ressources mondiales 2019, ONU environnement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces tendances ne sont pas soutenables si l\u2019on veut pr\u00e9server des conditions de vie dignes pour les \u00eatres humains, en ne laissant personne de c\u00f4t\u00e9. L\u2019augmentation de l\u2019extraction de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res engendre des \u00e9missions de GES croissantes ; cela est contraire aux objectifs climatiques. Le constat est \u00e9tabli et partag\u00e9 \u00e0 tous les niveaux de pouvoir. La Commission europ\u00e9enne annonce dans son Pacte Vert<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"> Le Green Deal ou Pacte Vert est la strat\u00e9gie de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne face au r\u00e9chauffement climatique pour rendre l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Europe durable sans laisser personne de c\u00f4t\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> vouloir r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de GES de 50 \u00e0 55 % <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Par rapport aux niveaux de 1990.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> d\u2019ici \u00e0 2030 et atteindre la neutralit\u00e9 climatique <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La neutralit\u00e9 climatique ou neutralit\u00e9 carbone est un \u00e9tat d\u2019\u00e9quilibre \u00e0 atteindre entre les \u00e9missions de GES d\u2019origine humaine et leur retrait de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. La diff\u00e9rence entre les&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_7');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> en 2050. Bien que l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ait d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00ab <em>r\u00e9duit de 23% ses \u00e9missions de GES entre 1990 et 2018, les politiques actuelles ne permettront de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de GES que de 60% d\u2019ici \u00e0 2050 \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Green Deal, p. 5.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. \u00ab L\u2019Europe doit trouver les moyens de transformer les principaux syst\u00e8mes soci\u00e9taux \u00e0 l\u2019origine des pressions environnementales et climatiques et des incidences sur la sant\u00e9, en repensant non seulement les technologies et les processus de production, mais aussi les mod\u00e8les de consommation et les modes de vie<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019environnement en Europe, \u00e9tat et perspectives 2020, Agence europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019environnement.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La Commission europ\u00e9enne expose dans son Pacte Vert sa feuille de route pour parvenir \u00e0 atteindre ses objectifs climatiques. Parmi les mesures annonc\u00e9es, \u00ab verdir \u00bb son \u00e9nergie <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">72,6% de la consommation int\u00e9rieure brute d\u2019\u00e9nergie en Europe provenait en 2015 de combustibles fossiles (gaz, charbon, p\u00e9trole). Et 80 % des \u00e9missions de GES \u00e9taient dues \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie en&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_10');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> , transformer son \u00e9conomie vers un mod\u00e8le circulaire afin de diminuer le pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement de ressources \u00e0 la source <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La Commission europ\u00e9enne a publi\u00e9 pour cela un nouveau plan d\u2019action sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire qui vise \u00e0 rendre l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Europe plus propre et plus comp\u00e9titive. Voir l\u2019analyse&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_11');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> , acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la transformation num\u00e9rique, renforcer la r\u00e9novation des b\u00e2timents <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Les GES dus au r\u00e9sidentiel\/b\u00e2timents (chauffage principalement) repr\u00e9sentaient en 2018 17% du total des \u00e9missions de GES en Wallonie, apr\u00e8s l\u2019industrie et le transport.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, etc. tout en maintenant sa croissance \u00e9conomique. Le Pacte Vert repose en effet sur la croyance en une \u00e9conomie \u00ab d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e \u00bb, o\u00f9 la production de richesses et de biens est dissoci\u00e9e des impacts sur l\u2019environnement. Nous ne partageons pas cette croyance qui n\u2019a encore jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 prouv\u00e9e jusque ici <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Voir l\u2019analyse de Justice et Paix, \u00ab Economie circulaire, la solution pour une Europe verte ? \u00bb, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. La production de richesses, comme par le pass\u00e9, restera li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019utilisation de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<br>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><bloc> Les m\u00e9taux, au c\u0153ur de la transition \u00e9cologique<\/bloc><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tout comme la plupart des autres mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, la consommation de m\u00e9taux a fortement augment\u00e9 ces derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. Nous en utilisons une plus grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 et une plus grande quantit\u00e9 que par le pass\u00e9. En effet, l\u2019\u00e9volution des technologies a induit une multiplication du nombre de m\u00e9taux utilis\u00e9s aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s jusque-l\u00e0 inusit\u00e9es, si bien qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, nous utilisons pratiquement la totalit\u00e9 des quelque 80 \u00e9l\u00e9ments du tableau de Mendele\u00efev. Par exemple, la fibre optique, technologie qui offre un d\u00e9bit d\u2019informations num\u00e9riques nettement sup\u00e9rieur aux c\u00e2bles co-axiaux, est compos\u00e9e du m\u00e9tal appel\u00e9 <em>germanium<\/em>. Il en va de m\u00eame de l\u2019<em>indium<\/em> pour les \u00e9crans plats et tactiles, n\u00e9cessaires pour tous les smartphones, t\u00e9l\u00e9visions ou autres objets \u00ab connect\u00e9s \u00bb tels que les montres, les frigos, etc. Notons \u00e9galement, toujours \u00e0 titre d\u2019exemple, la pr\u00e9sence n\u00e9cessaire du <em>niobium<\/em> dans des super-alliages a\u00e9ro-spatiaux ou automobiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avec la transition \u00e9cologique, la demande en m\u00e9taux est amen\u00e9e \u00e0 cro\u00eetre fortement. En effet, les \u00ab Green Tech \u00bb ou technologies vertes en d\u00e9pendent. Les \u00e9oliennes ont par exemple besoin de terres rares parmi lesquelles du n\u00e9odyme pour les aimants permanents qui la composent, ainsi que du <em>dysprosium<\/em>. Les panneaux solaires n\u00e9cessitent de l\u2019<em>indium<\/em>, du <em>gallium<\/em>, et du <em>germanium<\/em> entre autres. Tandis que la voiture \u00e9lectrique est fortement d\u00e9pendante de<em> cobalt <\/em> et de <em>lithium<\/em> pour ses batteries. L\u2019OCDE pr\u00e9voit ainsi que notre consommation de m\u00e9taux devrait passer de 8 \u00e0 20 milliards de tonnes en 2060 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">OCDE (2019), Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060: Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences (Perspectives mondiales des ressources mat\u00e9rielles \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2060: d\u00e9terminants&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_14');\">Continuer la lecture<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> , soit une augmentation de quelque 150%. Dans sa communication officielle sur les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques de 2020, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne annonce clairement la hausse de ses besoins en m\u00e9taux : \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2030, l\u2019UE aurait besoin de 18 fois plus de <em>lithium<\/em> et 5 fois plus de <em>cobalt<\/em> pour ses v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques. A l\u2019horizon 2060, cela passe \u00e0 60 fois plus de <em>lithium<\/em> et 15 fois plus de cobalt. Pour ce qui est des terres rares dans les aimants permanents (n\u00e9cessaires pour les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les \u00e9oliennes, les technologies num\u00e9riques), l\u2019UE pr\u00e9voit une augmentation par 10 de sa demande <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e9silience des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques : la voie \u00e0 suivre pour un renforcement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9, Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> . Cette connexion entre m\u00e9taux et transition \u00e9cologique est aussi reconnue par la Banque Mondiale qui \u00ab <em>pr\u00e9voit que l\u2019ambition climatique entra\u00eene une augmentation rapide de la demande de m\u00e9taux et de min\u00e9raux. L\u2019exemple le plus significatif est celui des batteries \u00e9lectriques, o\u00f9 la demande des m\u00e9taux concern\u00e9s (<em>aluminium<\/em>, <em>cobalt<\/em>, <em>fer<\/em>, <em>plomb<\/em>, <em>lithium<\/em>, <em>mangan\u00e8se<\/em> et <em>nickel<\/em>) augmenterait de plus de 1 000 % d\u2019ici \u00e0 2050 dans un sc\u00e9nario de r\u00e9chauffement climatique de 2 \u00b0C par rapport \u00e0 un sc\u00e9nario de statu quo<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette croissance dans la consommation de ressources ira de pair avec une intensification des activit\u00e9s extractives dans les pays producteurs o\u00f9 nous observons d\u00e9j\u00e0 de nombreux probl\u00e8mes sociaux et environnementaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 ces activit\u00e9s. Cette d\u00e9gradation des conditions de vie des populations locales risque bien de s\u2019accentuer tout comme les conflits sociaux ou arm\u00e9s qui s\u2019y rapportent <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Voir plus d\u2019informations dans les analyses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes de Justice et Paix.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. L\u2019analyse de nos d\u00e9cideurs\u00b7euses doit aussi inclure cet aspect et promouvoir des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement transparentes et respectueuses des droits humains. Nous ne pouvons d\u00e9ployer la transition \u00e9cologique sur le dos des pays producteurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Il nous semble aussi important de souligner que la politique du \u00ab tout au num\u00e9rique \u00bb, pilier de la transition \u00e9cologique pens\u00e9e par nos responsables politiques, est directement reli\u00e9e aux enjeux \u00e9cologiques et notamment aux m\u00e9taux<\/strong>. Rappelons que ses \u00e9missions de GES augmentent rapidement et repr\u00e9sentent 3 \u00e0 4% du total mondial aujourd\u2019hui, 2 fois plus qu\u2019en 2007 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">FLIPO Fabrice, \u00ab L\u2019imp\u00e9ratif de la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 num\u00e9rique. L\u2019enjeu des modes de vie \u00bb, 2020 mais aussi Green.IT, Shift Project.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Et que les terminaux (smartphones, laptops, etc.) sont responsables de \u00ab <em>70% de l\u2019empreinte carbone totale du num\u00e9rique en France<\/em> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Feuille de route sur l\u2019environnement et le num\u00e9rique, Conseil national du num\u00e9rique, France, 2020, p. 10.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> \u00bb, en raison du co\u00fbt \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. En effet, l\u2019extraction de mat\u00e9riaux (m\u00e9taux) et la fabrication des \u00e9quipements d\u00e9localis\u00e9e en Asie du Sud-Est, o\u00f9 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est majoritairement produite par des centrales \u00e0 charbon, sont fortement polluantes. Le Conseil national du num\u00e9rique fran\u00e7ais, \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la feuille de route sur l\u2019environnement et le num\u00e9rique, avance d\u2019ailleurs que \u00ab <em>si le num\u00e9rique a radicalement chang\u00e9 notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9, notre \u00e9conomie et notre d\u00e9mocratie, il n\u2019a pas fait preuve d\u2019une contribution \u00e0 la transition \u00e9cologique<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ibid.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.  Pourtant, aujourd\u2019hui, les autorit\u00e9s politiques consid\u00e8rent le num\u00e9rique comme une solution majeure face aux d\u00e9r\u00e8glements climatiques, au m\u00eame titre que la transition \u00e9cologique. Il nous semble capital de questionner cette v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et de mener un examen critique des cons\u00e9quences du num\u00e9rique. <strong>Le fait que le num\u00e9rique s\u2019apparente au progr\u00e8s absolu ne doit pas justifier l\u2019absence de questionnement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finalement, \u00ab <em>malgr\u00e9 les am\u00e9liorations au niveau de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 des mati\u00e8res et de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des ressources <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire utiliser moins de mati\u00e8res et moins d\u2019\u00e9nergie pour produire les m\u00eames biens.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> et l\u2019augmentation de la part des services dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie, l\u2019Organisation de coop\u00e9ration et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomiques (OCDE) pr\u00e9voit que l\u2019utilisation mondiale de mati\u00e8res fera plus que doubler, passant de 79 milliards de tonnes en 2011 \u00e0 167 milliards de tonnes en 2060 (+ 110 %)<\/em> \u00bb <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">R\u00e9silience des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques: la voie \u00e0 suivre pour un renforcement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9, Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2020.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces pr\u00e9visions colossales posent question. G\u00e9ologiquement parlant, y a-t-il assez de m\u00e9taux pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette demande croissante ? Ces besoins en m\u00e9taux ne risquent-ils pas d\u2019\u00eatre sources de conflits entre les puissances ? Quels seront les impacts environnementaux et sociaux de cette extraction massive dans les pays producteurs de m\u00e9taux o\u00f9 l\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re a d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait tant de d\u00e9g\u00e2ts <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_17245_1('footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Voir analyses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes de Justice et Paix sur le P\u00e9rou et la RD Congo.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_17245_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> ? Cette extraction massive de mat\u00e9riaux peut-elle s\u2019accorder avec les objectifs climatiques de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ? Nous en doutons fortement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Justice et Paix invite les citoyens et d\u00e9cideur.euses \u00e0 s\u2019emparer de ces questions de fa\u00e7on transparente sur base des donn\u00e9es disponibles. R\u00e9soudre ces contradictions n\u2019est \u00e9videmment pas simple et n\u00e9cessite un virage \u00e0 180\u00b0. Mais affronter la complexit\u00e9 de ces sujets est essentiel pour d\u00e9gager les meilleures solutions. Selon Justice et Paix, la voie de la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 et des Low Tech est le chemin \u00e0 emprunter si l\u2019on veut pr\u00e9server (restaurer) des conditions de vie dignes pour tous les \u00eatres humains de cette plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Remarque :  La r\u00e9flexion initi\u00e9e dans cette analyse se poursuit dans une seconde analyse intitul\u00e9e \u00ab <em>Low Tech et sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 comme moteurs de la transition \u00e9cologique <\/em> \u00bb<br>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>G\u00e9raldine Duquenne.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Documents joints<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demop.netbaz.be\/2021\/jp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pdf_2021_analyse_contradictions_transition_ecologique_zoom_sur_minerais.pdf\">Les contradictions de la transition \u00e9cologique, zoom sur les minerais<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_17245_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_17245_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_17245_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_17245_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_1');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Perspectives des ressources mondiales 2019, ONU environnement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_2');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EU overshoot day, Living Beyond Natures\u2019 limits, 10 mai 2019, WWF and Global Footprint Network.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_3');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019environnement en Europe, \u00e9tat et perspectives 2020, Agence europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019environnement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_4');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Perspectives des ressources mondiales 2019, ONU environnement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_5');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> Le Green Deal ou Pacte Vert est la strat\u00e9gie de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne face au r\u00e9chauffement climatique pour rendre l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Europe durable sans laisser personne de c\u00f4t\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_6');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Par rapport aux niveaux de 1990.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_7');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La neutralit\u00e9 climatique ou neutralit\u00e9 carbone est un \u00e9tat d\u2019\u00e9quilibre \u00e0 atteindre entre les \u00e9missions de GES d\u2019origine humaine et leur retrait de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. La diff\u00e9rence entre les gaz \u00e9mis et extraits est \u00e9gale \u00e0 z\u00e9ro.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_8');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Green Deal, p. 5.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_9');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019environnement en Europe, \u00e9tat et perspectives 2020, Agence europ\u00e9enne de l\u2019environnement.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_10');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">72,6% de la consommation int\u00e9rieure brute d\u2019\u00e9nergie en Europe provenait en 2015 de combustibles fossiles (gaz, charbon, p\u00e9trole). Et 80 % des \u00e9missions de GES \u00e9taient dues \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie en 2017. Diminuer et modifier nos sources d\u2019\u00e9nergies est donc indispensable pour lutter contre le r\u00e9chauffement climatique.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_11');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La Commission europ\u00e9enne a publi\u00e9 pour cela un nouveau plan d\u2019action sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire qui vise \u00e0 rendre l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Europe plus propre et plus comp\u00e9titive. Voir l\u2019analyse de Justice et Paix \u00e0 ce sujet : \u00ab \u00e9conomie cicrulaire : la solution pour une Europe verte ? \u00bb<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_12');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Les GES dus au r\u00e9sidentiel\/b\u00e2timents (chauffage principalement) repr\u00e9sentaient en 2018 17% du total des \u00e9missions de GES en Wallonie, apr\u00e8s l\u2019industrie et le transport.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_13');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Voir l\u2019analyse de Justice et Paix, \u00ab Economie circulaire, la solution pour une Europe verte ? \u00bb, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_14');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">OCDE (2019), Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060: Economic Drivers and Environmental Consequences (Perspectives mondiales des ressources mat\u00e9rielles \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2060: d\u00e9terminants \u00e9conomiques et cons\u00e9quences environnementales).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_15');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e9silience des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques : la voie \u00e0 suivre pour un renforcement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9, Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_16');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_17');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Voir plus d\u2019informations dans les analyses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes de Justice et Paix.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_18');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">FLIPO Fabrice, \u00ab L\u2019imp\u00e9ratif de la sobri\u00e9t\u00e9 num\u00e9rique. L\u2019enjeu des modes de vie \u00bb, 2020 mais aussi Green.IT, Shift Project.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_19');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Feuille de route sur l\u2019environnement et le num\u00e9rique, Conseil national du num\u00e9rique, France, 2020, p. 10.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_20');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ibid.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_21');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire utiliser moins de mati\u00e8res et moins d\u2019\u00e9nergie pour produire les m\u00eames biens.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_22');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">R\u00e9silience des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques: la voie \u00e0 suivre pour un renforcement de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de la durabilit\u00e9, Commission europ\u00e9enne, 2020.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_17245_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_17245_1_23');\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_plugin_link\" ><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Voir analyses pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes de Justice et Paix sur le P\u00e9rou et la RD Congo.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_17245_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_17245_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_17245_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_17245_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_17245_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_17245_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_17245_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_17245_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_17245_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_17245_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_17245_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_17245_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_17245_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_17245_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les 10 prochaines ann\u00e9es vont \u00eatre d\u00e9terminantes pour l\u2019avenir de notre plan\u00e8te. La transition \u00e9cologique est plus que jamais d\u2019actualit\u00e9 mais nos responsables politiques semblent encore h\u00e9sitants quant aux moyens \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre. Pourtant, pour r\u00e9duire de moiti\u00e9 nos \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) d\u2019ici 2030, les changements doivent \u00eatre radicaux. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":17244,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"2722","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2722],"tags":[2795,2814,2845,2833,2811,3057,2834],"class_list":["post-17245","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-nos-publications","tag-article","tag-developpement-durable","tag-ecologie","tag-europe","tag-ressources-naturelles","tag-transition-ecologique","tag-union-europeenne"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17245","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/57"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17245"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17245\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17244"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17245"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17245"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.justicepaix.be\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17245"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}